CLAY COUNTY – One of the most infamous series of winter weather events in 19th Century Clay County was the freezes of 1894 and 1895. They were devastating to our county’s economy as one of the prime attractions to our area at that time was the belief that citrus could be grown here. Orange Park was named after this hope, as were other Florida towns such as Mandarin, Orange Mills, Fruit Cove and Satsuma.

Northerners, wanting to enjoy the warmth of Florida as tourists and as yeoman farmers, bought up lots all over the county with dreams of thriving citrus trees and high returns on the dollar. “Orange fever” gripped the land as groves large and small were planted all over Florida, including here in Clay County. The citrus tree, perennially green and ornamental, still graces many a yard here.

The Christmas season of 1894 was warm, but it didn’t last. Oranges and other citrus fruits dangled ripe from the trees. A howling cold front and deep freeze then descended over Clay County and the surrounding areas. The temperature was recorded as 16 degrees in Jacksonville. Fruit dropped, ruined, onto the ground. The trees lost their leaves, but they were not dead. It got warm again for six weeks, and the trees sprouted new growth. Growers breathed a sigh of relief, looking forward to next year’s crop.

February 1895 brought weather that, like icicles into the grower’s hearts, dashed those hopes. This time, the freeze was a killer. Sap froze, and the tender regrowth was burned by the cold. The freeze lasted for up to thirty hours in some areas. The trunks of the trees split open as the frozen sap expanded, and the trees were killed to the ground. It was so cold even peach trees were killed. This extreme freeze affected fruit trees all the way to Palm Beach. This wiped out most attempts at growing oranges in North Florida.

Afterwards, Florida growers only produced a mere 100,000 boxes of fruit a year, which was down from a high of six million boxes annually before. Land value plummeted in growing areas from $1,000 per acre to as little as $10 an acre.

Here in Clay County, farmers turned their groves into fields for other crops like potatoes and melons. Further south, below the frost line, groves were replanted. Today, they again produce millions of boxes of citrus a year. One town further south, boasting of its ability to dodge a freeze was even renamed “Frostproof."

The hard freezes likely also influenced tourists to use the new railroads to travel further south, forsaking the Green Cove Springs hotels. The hotel era rapidly declined here as railroads took tourists beyond Clay County to Flagler's jewels of hotels in St. Augustine, Miami and Tampa. His railroad led to Palm Beach, which is still a wealthy snowbird hot spot.

Devastating as the 1894 and 1895 freezes were, they were not the first time Clay County and North Florida experienced devastating cold. There were freezes in the past that were much worse and freezes to come that were just as bad.

The earliest officially recorded freeze was Jan. 2, 1766, during the time of British rule. British indigo plantations graced the shores of Doctor’s Lake and Black Creek. The temperature sank to 26 degrees, and it snowed. Inhabitants called it “white rain.” Indigo, grown year-round, was a tender plant, and those crops were devastated, causing a major economic loss. John Bartram, the botanist, wrote that “it was a fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, and banana trees…the morning of the 3rd was clear and cold … the ground was frozen an inch thick on the banks of the river.”

The Spaniards called the freeze a “judgment on the place for having become the property of heretics,” as their pride hurt by the loss of La Florida to the British.

There was also a snowstorm in 1744 and additional freezes in 1799 and 1828. Clay County set its snowfall record 106 years ago. On Dec 30, 1917, the county received 0.1 inches of snow in more than 24 hours.

The mother of all freezes came Feb. 7-8, 1835. It was a mere 7 degrees above zero. The St. Johns River froze from its banks to several rods out into the water. That freeze killed the trees that the Spanish planted during the Second Spanish Period. There were more freezes to come (a doozy in 1886), but for the next sixty years or so, citrus was planted again, and all was well—until the freezes of 1894 and 1895.

In February of 2026 Clay County experienced another intense freeze with snow flurries and temperature rising only to barely above freezing some days. February went out with another freeze, just not as intense as the earlier one.

For more information about this topic or about anything related to Clay County history, please contact the Clay County Clerk of Court’s Historical Archives Division personnel at (904) 371-0027 or by email at clayarchives@clayclerk.com. The Archives Center is part of the Old Jail at the county’s Historic Triangle at 21 Gratio Place and is open Monday-Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., minus holidays. Stop by for a self-guided tour of the Old Jail or to seek research assistance from staff.